Photobiomodulation: definition, principles and therapeutic applications

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is an innovative and rapidly expanding technology based on the use of specific wavelengths of light, notably in the red and near-infrared spectrums, to stimulate natural biological processes. Used in fields as diverse as aesthetic medicine, wellness and physical recovery, this gentle approach helps support cellular regeneration, manage discomfort and promote overall well-being.

Non-invasive, painless and safe, photobiomodulation has become a valuable complement to traditional treatments. Thanks to advances in technology, modern devices combine LEDs and low-intensity lasers (Low-Level Laser Therapy) to offer sessions tailored to specific needs.

This technology is attracting growing interest thanks to its versatile applications. Whether to promote muscle recovery, improve the appearance of the skin or help manage chronic pain, photobiomodulation offers an innovative solution for those seeking a natural, gentle approach to optimizing their well-being.

What is photobiomodulation?

Definition and basic principles

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-invasive approach that uses specific wavelengths of light, mainly in the red and near-infrared spectrums, to stimulate natural biological processes. As they penetrate tissues, these light waves interact with molecules called chromophores, located at the heart of cells, notably in mitochondria. This interaction promotes the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a source of cellular energy, helping to support regeneration and optimal tissue function.

Laser and LED: two complementary technologies

Two types of device are used in photobiomodulation:

• Lasers: These emit a coherent, concentrated light that penetrates deep into tissues. This technology is ideal for targeted applications requiring precise stimulation, as in laser therapy sessions.
• LED: Unlike lasers, LEDs produce a diffuse, non-coherent light, ideal for treating larger areas, such as skin or muscle tissue.

These two methods share the same objective: to activate natural cellular processes to help improve well-being.

Key biological effects

Light is absorbed by chromophores, triggering beneficial biological reactions such as :

1. Improved blood circulation thanks to better tissue oxygenation.
2. Increased collagen production, promoting supple, high-quality skin tissue.
3. Reduces inflammation, enabling better management of muscular discomfort and tension.

In short, photobiomodulation supports the body's natural mechanisms in a gentle, safe and non-invasive way, while contributing to optimal well-being.

Therapeutic applications of PBM

Pain management and inflammation

Photobiomodulation (PBM) helps reduce pain and inflammation, whether temporary or persistent. By stimulating cellular mechanisms, it acts on inflammatory mediators to optimize tissue comfort. It is used for :

• Pain management: photobiomodulation is often used to help reduce muscle and joint pain. It can help manage chronic pain associated with conditions such as arthritis.
• Reducing inflammation: light helps to reduce inflammation, which can be beneficial for people suffering from chronic inflammatory conditions.
• Tissue repair: stimulation of cells by light promotes regeneration of damaged tissue, helping to manage tissue damage.
• Skin well-being: photobiomodulation is used to improve the appearance of the skin, reducing the signs of aging and helping to manage skin conditions such as acne or eczema.
• Sports medicine: athletes use this method to promote recovery after intensive training or injury.

This gentle, non-invasive approach, with no significant side effects, makes it a valuable solution for managing discomfort.

Skin care and aesthetic medicine

In aesthetic medicine, photobiomodulation is renowned for gently improving skin quality. Its effects include:

• Collagen stimulation: for firmer, more elastic skin.
• Reduce signs of aging: Reduce wrinkles and imperfections.
• Acne and scar management: By reducing inflammation and promoting cell regeneration.
• Improves post-surgical scars: soothes and supports skin texture.

Integrated into anti-aging or dermatological care protocols, PBM offers a non-invasive alternative for sublimating the skin.

Support in dealing with certain problems

Photobiomodulation is also used in special situations:

• Oncology: Support to alleviate certain side effects of treatment, such as mucositis or discomfort in the head and neck area.
• Sports medicine: Optimizing recovery after intense effort or injury.
• Chronic inflammatory disorders: Helps manage discomfort associated with conditions such as fibromyalgia.

Complementing traditional treatments, photobiomodulation helps improve overall well-being thanks to a safe, non-invasive approach.

Photobiomodulation sessions

Procedure for a photobiomodulation session

A photobiomodulation (PBM) session is a simple, non-invasive procedure tailored to the specific needs of each individual. It generally takes place in several stages:

1. Pre-evaluation: The practitioner identifies the target areas and determines the appropriate parameters, such as wavelength, duration and frequency of sessions.
2. Preparation: The individual is comfortably seated, and the area concerned is prepared if necessary. No anesthetic or specific preparation is required.
3. Light application: The device, equipped with LEDs or a low-intensity laser, is positioned directly or close to the targeted area. Each session lasts an average of 5 to 20 minutes per area.
4. Follow-up: Depending on needs, several sessions can be scheduled, two to three a week, gradually spaced out.

Individuals often report a sensation of gentle warmth and soothing during and after the session.

Indications and contraindications

Indications : Photobiomodulation is used for :

• Managing muscle and joint pain.
• Recovery from sports or surgical injuries.
• Inflammatory and neuropathic disorders.
• Skin care (acne, scars, signs of aging).

Contraindications: Although safe, certain precautions must be taken:

• Pregnancy: Avoid application to the abdomen.
• Epilepsy: Caution with certain pulsed lights.
• Photosensitivity: Consult a physician if you are taking photosensitizing medication.

Medical advice is recommended before starting any sessions.

Possible side effects and safety

Photobiomodulation is renowned for its safety. Side effects are rare and mild, such as :

• Slight redness or a temporary sensation of heat.
• Temporary fatigue, linked to the activation of cellular mechanisms.

The use of certified devices (such as those with the CE medical mark) and compliance with protocols ensure an optimal experience.

The benefits of photobiomodulation

Summary of positive effects on well-being

By stimulating natural biological processes, photobiomodulation offers several benefits for overall well-being:

• Improved cellular energy: thanks to increased ATP production, cells perform their functions more effectively.
• Optimized circulation: vasodilatation promotes the supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
• Reduced inflammation: pro-inflammatory mediators are regulated, contributing to greater comfort.
• Collagen stimulation: improves skin elasticity and supports tissue regeneration.

These effects are particularly appreciated in the aesthetic, sports and preventive fields.

Observed results and long-term use

Clinical trials have highlighted positive results such as :

• Significant pain reduction in cases of chronic or post-traumatic discomfort.
• Visible skin improvement (acne, scars, signs of aging).
• Effective support in managing the side effects of oncology treatments (mucositis, neck and head pain).

In the longer term, regular use of photobiomodulation can :

• Prevent the signs of aging through cell regeneration.
• Enhance recovery capacities, useful for athletes or active people.
• Contribute to maintaining overall well-being by optimizing cellular function.

By combining safety, gentleness and efficacy, photobiomodulation has established itself as a modern approach to supporting people's quality of life.

Review of scientific studies on photobiomodulation

Numerous scientific studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in various medical and aesthetic fields.

• For example, research has revealed a 30.2% increase in hair density in adults with male androgenic alopecia after using a helmet combining low-level laser therapy, light-emitting diodes and magnetic field technologies.
• Another study showed a 38% reduction in the inflammatory marker PGE2 in less than two hours after a single three-minute application, illustrating the anti-inflammatory potential of PBM.
• What's more, in the gynecological field, the use of an intravaginal device based on photobiomodulation led to a 79.2% increase in lubrication and a 60% reduction in pain during intercourse, according to a pilot study.

These results underline the efficacy and versatility of photobiomodulation as an innovative therapeutic solution. You can read more about these studies here.

Photobiomodulation prices

Cost of in-office and in-clinic sessions

The cost of photobiomodulation sessions varies according to several criteria, including duration, targeted area and type of device used (laser or LED). Here are some estimates of typical prices:

• Individual session: Between €50 and €150 for an average duration of 15 to 30 minutes.
• Multi-session packages: For specific needs requiring several sessions, packages of 5 to 10 sessions are available, with prices ranging from €250 to €1000.
• Specialized applications: Aesthetic treatments, such as anti-aging protocols or skin enhancement, can be slightly more expensive due to customization.

Sessions carried out in specialized clinics or under the supervision of qualified professionals often have a higher cost, due to the expertise brought in and the quality of the equipment used.

Return on investment for professionals

For wellness or aesthetic medicine professionals, the acquisition of a photobiomodulation device is a profitable investment. With the growing demand for non-invasive treatments, sessions can generate a steady income while offering a modern, popular solution.

Hybrid devices integrating LEDs and lasers offer great versatility, enabling different problems to be tackled with a single piece of equipment, thus maximizing profitability.

PBM research and innovation

Recent technological advances

Innovations in photobiomodulation focus on improving devices and broadening applications. Major advances include:

• Combination devices: New generations integrate cold lasers, infrared LEDs and sometimes pulsed magnetic fields, optimizing action on several cellular levels.
• Optimizing wavelengths: Research has identified precise ranges between 600 and 1000 nm for maximum absorption by chromophores.
• Portable equipment: The development of more compact and accessible equipment enables home use, particularly for skin care and muscle recovery.

These advances pave the way for more personalized sessions and a wider range of PBM applications.

Clinical trials and future applications

Clinical trials play a key role in validating new applications for photobiomodulation. Current research focuses on :

• Improve protocols: Define optimal parameters for each condition (duration, intensity, frequency of sessions).
• Personalized medicine: adapting sessions to the specific cellular responses of each individual.
• Oncology: Reducing treatment side-effects, especially head and neck pain.

Other emerging fields, such as neurology, are exploring its potential to accompany conditions such as depression or neurodegenerative disorders.

To conclude

Photobiomodulation (PBM) represents a major advance in well-being, thanks to its non-invasive, safe and scientifically validated action. Its versatility is demonstrated by its many applications in the fields of aesthetics, sports and medical care.

Technological innovations, combining LEDs, lasers and hybrid devices, are expanding the possibilities of use while enabling more personalized care. Research promises to further extend the scope of PBM, particularly in fields such as oncology and neurology.

As a gentle, modern complementary solution, photobiomodulation deserves increasing attention from professionals and individuals keen to optimize their well-being. To benefit fully, it is essential to turn to certified devices and trained practitioners.